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One question, is the image data way beyond what you need for the print so downsampled at some point in the application or driver? One check is the print queue list and what is shown as the PPI at the print size for that image there. If it is way above the requested 300/600 PPI (even 1200 PPI can be requested by that printer) then it would not surprise me if the downsampling causes this problem.
The print driver is set for 600 dpi. I see no difference in the white square problem whether the Q reported PPI is 500 or well over a 1000. And I would expect no difference in driver issues because Q is resampling to 600 dpi regardless of source image pixel count.
But I am confused about ICC. If I set "Let Printer manage color", then I get some minor dithering artifacts in part of the printout. If I choose an sRGB ICC for the printer, I get very consistent print quality throughout the image. What does "Let Printer manage color" do? Does it change a driver setting that I have no access to? I see that in the HP driver settings I can set Color Management to either "Color Smart/sRGB" or "Adobe RGB 1998". Does the Q setting of "Let Printer manage color" enable use of one of the driver color management settings? And if an ICC profile is used in Q, are all the color management functions in the print driver disabled?